.MCAD 302010000 1 74
.CMD PLOTFORMAT
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 1 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 2 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 3 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 4 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 5 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 6 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 0 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 1 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 2 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 3 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 4 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 5 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 6 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 0 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 1 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 21 15 0
.CMD PLOTFORMAT
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 1 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 2 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 3 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 4 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 5 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 6 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 0 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 1 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 2 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 3 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 4 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 5 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 2 6 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 3 0 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 4 1 0 NO-TRACE-STRING
0 1 21 15 1
.CMD FORMAT  rd=d ct=10 im=i et=3 zt=15 pr=3 mass length time charge temperature tr=0
.CMD SET ORIGIN 0
.CMD SET TOL 0.001000000000000
.CMD SET PRNCOLWIDTH 8
.CMD SET PRNPRECISION 4
.CMD PRINT_SETUP 1.200000 0
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=0 name=Variables
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=1 name=Constants
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=2 name=Text
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=4 name=User^1
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=5 name=User^2
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=6 name=User^3
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=7 name=User^4
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=8 name=User^5
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=9 name=User^6
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE_NAME fontID=10 name=User^7
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=0 family=Courier points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=1 family=Courier points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=2 family=Arial points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=4 family=Arial points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=5 family=Courier^New points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=6 family=System points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=7 family=Script points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=8 family=Roman points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=9 family=Modern points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0
.CMD DEFINE_FONTSTYLE fontID=10 family=Times^New^Roman points=10 bold=0 italic=0 underline=0
.CMD UNITS U=1
.TXT 4 3 0 0
Cg a52.900000,71.000000,110
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
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{\plain {\b \fs24 Attenuation and matching
 resistance of matching pads}{\par Attenuation
 obtained from given resistance}}
}
.EQN 5 0 0 0
{Microsoft_Windows 0 3195}
{60}
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19778 43824 0 0 1068
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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&K!hLH>{5^<6!A!)LG&K%xIs!#4&!A!=LG&K"RIs!'1@%Y"<0>Is!!9P!A!=LG&K'\Is!"DF!A!)LG&K2BJ.!(:LLG&K"RIs!"DF!A!GLG&K%xIs!!9P!A"(LH>{5^<6!A!)LG&K%xIs!#4&!A!=LG&K"RIs!'1@%Y"<0NIs!!4&!A!>LG&K'\Is!"G,!A!'LG&K2RJ.!(:MLG&K"2Is!"G,!A!GLG&K&*Is!!4&!A")LH>{5^>z!A!'LG&K
&*Is!#4&!A!>LG&K"2Is!'4&%Y"<0^Is!!.Z!A!?LG&K'\Is!"Ip!A!%LG&K2bJ*!(:BLG#e#4Iw!"LV(/!@LG1A#4Ir!&A`$w"<.:Is!!Ip!a!ALI<7&ZIu!!Ip!A!zLG>{5]A`!A"ULG&K/|I|!(:<LG&K:bIs!&1@"s"<-8Is!*>z!A!tLG>{5]1@!A"aLG&K.zI|!(:6LG&K<fIs!%LV"s"<,6Is!+4&!A!nLG>{5\LV!A"mLG&K-xI|
!(:0LG&K>jIs!%<6"s"<+4Is!,)0!A!hLIIq5\<6!A!iLG#e"BIr!!4&!1"!LG&K%xIr!!6j!1!%LG)1""Iu!!&J!1!#LG)1"bJF!(:*LG&K-hIr!!4&!1!(LG#e1PIs!">z!1!'LG#e!pIr!!+t!1!$LG#e!pIs!!)0!1!,LJ)15\1@!A!mLG#e""Ir!!9P!1"%LG&K%8Ir!!1@!1!%LG#e""Ir!!)0!1!&LG#e!PIr!!A`)a"<)pIs!%Ip
!1!&LG#e"RIr!'.Z!A!7LG#e""Ir!!.Z!1!&LG#e!PIr!!1@!1!#LG#e#$JF!(:$LG&K.jIr!!.Z!1!*LG#e2RIs!".Z!1!%LG#e""Ir!!1@!1!#LG#e""Ir!!)0!1!,LI>{5[LV!A!sLG4'"RIr!'9P!A!3LG4'!pIr!!1@!1!#LG#e""Ir!!)0!1!,LJ)15[G,!A!uLG#e"2Ir!!6j!1"-LG&K#tIr!!4&!1!$LG#e""Ir!!)0!1!&LG#e
!PIr!!A`)a"<(NIs!&4&!1!(LG#e"2Ir!'DF!A!/LG#e"BIr!!+t!1!$LG#e!`Ir!!1@!1!#LG#e#$JF!(9zLG&K0.Ir!!6j!1!$LG#e!PIr!'Ip!A!-LG#e"BIr!!.Z!Q!%LG#e""Ir!!&J!a!*LI4'5[9P!1!{LG#e"BIr!!.Z!1!"LG#e46Ir!!A`!1!(LG#e$VIr!!A`)!"<!@Ir!!6j!1!#LG#e!`Ir!!1@!1"/LG#e"2Ir!!4&!A"?
LG#e"2Ir!"1@!1!,LI4'5Y&J!1!'LG#e!`Ir!!+t!1!&LG#e3TIx!!9P!1"?LG4'$vIr!!A`%9"<!@Ir!!1@!1!%LG#e!`Ir!!1@!1#dLI)0%9"<!@Ir!!1@!1!%LG#e!`Ir!!1@!1#dLI)0%9"<!@Ir!!.Z!1!&LG#e!`Ir!!1@!1#dLI)0$W"<!@Ix!!.Z!1!$LG#e""Ir!0LV&zJ,!(9RLG#e"2Ir!!+t!1!$LG#e""Ir!0LV&zJ,!(9R
LG#e"BIr!!)0!1!$LG&K!pIr!0LV&zJ,!(9RLG#e"BIr!!)0!1!$LG#e!@Iu!0LV',I~!(9RLG#e"BIr!0LV)0I~!(9RLG#e"2Ir!0LV)@I~!(9RLG4'!pIr!0LV(^Iv!(<6LJ<6!q"<LVJLLG.[5hLV*rJC

.TXT 4 38 0 0
Cg a33.000000,33.000000,161
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain The circuit diagram of a pi-network
 pad is shown at left; RS is the source 
impedance and RL is the  load impedance 
(normally 50{\f1 W} in matched RF systems)}
}
.TXT 10 -4 0 0
Cg a22.600000,33.000000,43
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain Set initial system impedance{ (}{\f1 
W}{)}}
}
.EQN 4 0 0 0
{0:RL}NAME:50
.EQN 0 18 0 0
{0:RS}NAME:{0:RL}NAME
.TXT 4 -18 0 0
Cg a33.100000,34.400000,54
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain Set values for pad resistors (example
 20dB) ({\f1 W})}
}
.EQN 3 0 0 0
{0:R1}NAME:240
.EQN 0 13 0 0
{0:R2}NAME:62
.EQN 0 9 0 0
{0:R3}NAME:62
.TXT 3 -54 0 0
Cg a24.800000,69.000000,39
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain Calculate internal circuit resistances}
}
.EQN 4 0 0 0
{0:Rpar1}NAME:{0:RL}NAME*({0:R3}NAME)/({0:RL}NAME+{0:R3}NAME)
.EQN 1 51 0 0
{0:Rpar1}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.EQN 5 -51 0 0
{0:Rpar2}NAME:({0:R1}NAME+{0:Rpar1}NAME)*({0:R2}NAME)/(({0:R2}NAME+{0:R1}NAME+{0:Rpar1}NAME))
.EQN 0 51 0 0
{0:Rpar2}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.EQN 6 -51 0 0
{0:Rout}NAME:(1)/((1)/({0:R3}NAME)+((1)/({0:RS}NAME*({0:R2}NAME)/({0:RS}NAME+{0:R2}NAME)+{0:R1}NAME)))
.EQN 9 0 0 0
{0:Rin}NAME:(1)/(((1)/({0:R2}NAME))+((1)/(({0:RL}NAME*({0:R3}NAME)/(({0:RL}NAME+{0:R3}NAME)))+{0:R1}NAME)))
.TXT 10 0 0 0
Cg a19.400000,69.000000,30
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain Calculate attenuation results}
}
.EQN 5 0 0 0
{0:Atten}NAME:(({0:Rpar1}NAME)/({0:R1}NAME+{0:Rpar1}NAME))*(({0:Rpar2}NAME)/({0:RS}NAME+{0:Rpar2}NAME))*2
.EQN 0 37 0 0
{0:dbatten}NAME:20*{0:log}NAME({0:Atten}NAME)
.EQN 8 -37 0 0
{0:Rin}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.EQN 0 33 0 0
{0:Atten}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.EQN 3 -33 0 0
{0:Rout}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.EQN 0 33 0 0
{0:dbatten}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.TXT 9 -33 0 0
Cg a57.100000,69.000000,81
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain Exact relationship between R1 and
 R2 for given RL (perfect matching) and 
R2 = R3}
}
.EQN 5 1 0 0
{0:R1ex}NAME:(({0:RL}NAME)/({0:R2}NAME-{0:RL}NAME))*({0:R2}NAME+({0:RL}NAME*{0:R2}NAME-({0:R2}NAME)^(2))/(({0:RL}NAME+{0:R2}NAME)))
.EQN 6 0 0 0
{0:R1ex}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.TXT 32 1 0 0
Cg a66.900000,67.000000,339
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain {\b \fs24 Mismatching: VSWR, reflection
 coefficient, mismatch error}\par Attenuator
 pads are used in EMC testing (and other
 areas) to reduce mismatch error at the 
expense of loss of signal. Mismatching is
 stated in terms of VSWR (Voltage Standing
 Wave Ratio) or reflection coefficient RC,
 which are equivalent terms and related 
as follows:}
}
.EQN 9 3 0 0
{0:Z0}NAME:50
.EQN 0 9 0 0
{0:ZL}NAME:85
.TXT 0 8 0 0
Cg a6.900000,47.000000,10
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain (example)}
}
.EQN 5 -17 0 0
{0:RC}NAME:({0:ZL}NAME-{0:Z0}NAME)/({0:ZL}NAME+{0:Z0}NAME)
.EQN 0 19 0 0
{0:RC}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.EQN 8 -19 0 0
{0:VSWR}NAME:(1+|({0:RC}NAME))/(1-|({0:RC}NAME))
.EQN 0 23 0 0
{0:rc}NAME:({0:VSWR}NAME-1)/({0:VSWR}NAME+1)
.EQN 0 23 0 0
{0:VSWR}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.TXT 7 -49 0 0
Cg a58.600000,58.600000,143
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain Inserting an attenuator pad of attenuation
 A dB before ZL reduces the mismatch and
 improves the VSWR looking into the attenuator,
 as follows:}
}
.EQN 6 3 0 0
{0:A}NAME:10
.EQN 4 0 0 0
{0:NEW_VSWR}NAME:(1)/({0:tanh}NAME({0:atanh}NAME((1)/({0:VSWR}NAME))+({0:A}NAME)/(8.686)))
.EQN 0 43 0 0
{0:NEW_VSWR}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.TXT 7 -46 0 0
Cg a66.000000,66.000000,273
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain A mismatch at each end of a measurement
 system - for instance, an antenna connected
 to a measuring receiver via a 50{\f1 W 
}cable - will cause an error in the voltage
 delivered to the receiver input and hence
 a measurement error. This "mismatch" error
 in dB is given by:}
}
.TXT 8 0 0 0
Cg a25.800000,66.000000,74
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain Generator end reflection coefficient:\par 
Load end reflection coefficient:\par }
}
.EQN 0 30 0 0
{0:RCg}NAME:0.2
.TXT 1 11 0 0
Cg a7.900000,26.000000,11
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain (Examples)}
}
.EQN 1 -11 0 0
{0:RCl}NAME:0.1
.EQN 6 -27 0 0
{0:Ep}NAME:20*{0:log}NAME(1+|({0:RCg}NAME)*|({0:RCl}NAME))
.EQN 0 29 0 0
{0:En}NAME:20*{0:log}NAME(1-|({0:RCg}NAME)*|({0:RCl}NAME))
.EQN 5 -29 0 0
{0:Ep}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.TXT 1 12 0 0
Cg a2.000000,49.000000,3
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain dB}
}
.EQN 1 -12 0 0
{0:En}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.TXT 5 -3 0 0
Cg a66.300000,67.000000,145
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain For instance, a typical measuring
 receiver has an input VSWR of 1.7. A Bilog
 antenna has an output VSWR of 5:1 at 70MHz.
 The mismatch error is:}
}
.EQN 5 4 0 0
{0:RCrx}NAME:(1.7-1)/(1.7+1)
.EQN 0 20 0 0
{0:RCrx}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.EQN 5 -20 0 0
{0:RCant}NAME:(5-1)/(5+1)
.EQN 0 20 0 0
{0:RCant}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.EQN 5 -20 0 0
{0:E}NAME:20*{0:log}NAME(1+|({0:RCrx}NAME)*|({0:RCant}NAME))
.EQN 0 36 0 0
{0:E}NAME=?_n_u_l_l_
.TXT 0 11 0 0
Cg a2.000000,16.000000,3
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain dB}
}
.TXT 5 -51 0 0
Cg a66.700000,67.000000,109
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain You can calculate the improvement
 that results if a pad of arbitrary attenuation
 is inserted in the system.}
}
.TXT 29 0 0 0
Cg a54.400000,67.000000,147
{\rtf1\ansi \deff0
{\fonttbl
{\f0\fnil Arial;}
{\f1\fnil Symbol;}
}
{\plain {\i \fs16 This calculation sheet
 has been produced by Elmac Services, Chichester,
 UK\par http://www.elmac.co.uk\par No liability
 is accepted for its use}}
}