.MCAD 308000000 \  docDocumentImcObjectW d2_graph_format graphData! axisFormat%L%Ltrace2D""""""""" " " " " """ dim_formatPmasslengthtimecharge temperature luminosity substanceNumericalFormatMdii shpRectR8\MmcDocumentObjectStateX mcPageModelG???{?mcHeaderFooterE@E |P  CHeaderFooterFAj{\rtf1\ansi\deff0\deftab720{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil MS Sans Serif;}{\f1\fnil\fcharset2 Symbol;}{\f2\fswiss\fprq2 System;}{\f3\fnil\fprq8 Arial;}{\f4\fnil\fprq12 Arial;}{\f5\fnil\fprq6 Arial;}{\f6\fnil\fprq6 Arial;}{\f7\fnil\fprq8 Arial;}{\f8\fnil\fprq2 Arial;}{\f9\fnil Arial;}} {\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;} \deflang2057\pard\plain\f6\fs18 Elmac Services \par } Ah{\rtf1\ansi\deff0\deftab720{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil MS Sans Serif;}{\f1\fnil\fcharset2 Symbol;}{\f2\fswiss\fprq2 System;}{\f3\fnil\fprq8 Arial;}{\f4\fnil\fprq12 Arial;}{\f5\fnil\fprq6 Arial;}{\f6\fnil\fprq6 Arial;}{\f7\fnil\fprq8 Arial;}{\f8\fnil\fprq2 Arial;}{\f9\fnil Arial;}} {\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;} \deflang2057\pard\qc\plain\f6\fs18 \{image\} \par } A|{\rtf1\ansi\deff0\deftab720{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil MS Sans Serif;}{\f1\fnil\fcharset2 Symbol;}{\f2\fswiss\fprq2 System;}{\f3\fnil\fprq8 Arial;}{\f4\fnil\fprq12 Arial;}{\f5\fnil\fprq6 Arial;}{\f6\fnil\fprq6 Arial;}{\f7\fnil\fprq8 Arial;}{\f8\fnil\fprq2 Arial;}{\f9\fnil Arial;}} {\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;} \deflang2057\pard\qr\plain\f6\fs18 Consultancy & training in EMC \par }  mc_dibitmap 7#(7}EKZ}Ds}}ptttEEE///KKKXXXeeerrr???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@FAa{\rtf1\ansi\deff0\deftab720{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil MS Sans Serif;}{\f1\fnil\fcharset2 Symbol;}{\f2\fswiss\fprq2 System;}{\f3\fnil\fprq8 Arial;}{\f4\fnil\fprq12 Arial;}{\f5\fnil\fprq6 Arial;}{\f6\fnil\fprq6 Arial;}{\f7\fnil\fprq8 Arial;}{\f8\fnil\fprq2 Arial;}{\f9\fnil Arial;}} {\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;} \deflang2057\pard\plain\f6\fs18 \{f\} \par } An{\rtf1\ansi\deff0\deftab720{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil MS Sans Serif;}{\f1\fnil\fcharset2 Symbol;}{\f2\fswiss\fprq2 System;}{\f3\fnil\fprq8 Arial;}{\f4\fnil\fprq12 Arial;}{\f5\fnil\fprq6 Arial;}{\f6\fnil\fprq6 Arial;}{\f7\fnil\fprq8 Arial;}{\f8\fnil\fprq2 Arial;}{\f9\fnil Arial;}} {\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;} \deflang2057\pard\qc\plain\f9\fs20 \{n\} of \{nn\} \par } Au{\rtf1\ansi\deff0\deftab720{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil MS Sans Serif;}{\f1\fnil\fcharset2 Symbol;}{\f2\fswiss\fprq2 System;}{\f3\fnil\fprq8 Arial;}{\f4\fnil\fprq12 Arial;}{\f5\fnil\fprq6 Arial;}{\f6\fnil\fprq6 Arial;}{\f7\fnil\fprq8 Arial;}{\f8\fnil\fprq2 Arial;}{\f9\fnil Arial;}} {\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;} \deflang2057\pard\qr\plain\f6\fs18 http://www.elmac.co.uk \par } @F@FMbP?MbP? TextState; TextStyle:@ ArialSerial_ParPropDefaultS?Normal:|Arial@S Heading 1font_style_listK font_styleL  VariablesTimes New Roman@L  ConstantsTimes New Roman@L TextArial@L Greek VariablesSymbol@L User^1Arial@L User^2 Courier New@L User^3System@L User^4Script@L User^5Roman@L User^6Modern@L User^7Times New Roman@L SymbolsSymbol@L Current Selection FontArial@L Undefined Font@L HeaderArial@L FooterArial@L Rotated Math FontTimes New Roman  TextRegion& docRegionCshpBoxQ 7 2 ~~ CharacterMap)RangeMap7 Modulation ChrPropMap3  ParPropMap5  RangeElem8  ParPropData6 RangeData9@S,EmbedMap- 8LinkMap+ 8 LinkData,@NormalArial &@Q K Z ll)A_Radio frequency signals are often modulated by lower frequency information. The effect of this is to increase the peak amplitude of the signal whilst keeping the average amplitude the same. The depth of modulation is given by the modulation index m. The graph below shows the time domain waveform of an RF signal F modulated by a sinusoidal signal f.3_5_8_6@S,-8+_8_,@NormalArial eqRegion>@Q2?stree < p< <dt<< @<t1<2<1600>@Q- q< p < !<d F"< 0.6#>@Q@~Mp$< p%< $&<d%f'<%0.002(>@Q2'u"r)< p*< )+<@*,<d+carrier-@Qe'"n:< p;< :<<@;=<d<mod>t@@<;@A<d@@sin@B@Q|'"m@K< p@L< @K@M<d@Lm@N<@L0.8@O>@Qa-"@P< p@Q< @P@R<@@Q@S<d@Rmodx@T<@Rt@U<@Q@V<d@Usin@W@Q2X mohd@f< p@g< @f@h<@@g@i<d@hsignal@j@Q22j@{< p@|<@{@}<@@|@~<@@}@<@@~@<t@2@@Q n@< p@< @@<d@ peak_increase@<@@<t@20@<@@<d@log@@QM@< p@<@@<d@ peak_increase@<@@<+@@Serial_DisplayNodeT@<@@&@Q )dB35@8@6@S,-@8+@8@,@NormalArial @&@Q   );Increase in RMS level from unmodulated to modulated carrier3;5;@8;@6@S-@8+;@8;@,@NormalArial @>@Q .J>@< p@< @@<@@@<d@s@<@t@<@@@Q+E>@< p@< @@<d@ rms_increase@<@@<t@20@<@@<d@log@@QGYGR@< p@<@@<d@ rms_increase@<@@<+@@@T@<@@&@QFVR )dB35@8@6@S,-@8+@8@,@NormalArial @&@Q u  $$)@Note that modulating a signal changes its RMS level as well as its peak level. This is why a field strength meter, which responds to RMS, cannot be used to set level on a modulated signal.35@8@6@S-@8+@8@,@NormalArial @&@Q   '')@This calculation sheet has been produced by Elmac Services, Chichester, UK http://www.elmac.co.uk No liability is accepted for its use3@8@ ChrPropData4@z5@8@6@S,-@8+@8@,@NormalArial